Many of the criticisms of education come from the fact that much instruction isn’t designed so learners can DO. For example, it’s not good enough to design math instruction so learners can do the problems at the back of each chapter. They need to be able to calculate discounts, determine the implications of different interest rates, and so on, in the real world. And instructors need to assess if learners can DO, which commonly involves designing real or realistic performance assessments.